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Luis García Berlanga

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In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is García-Berlanga and the second or maternal family name is Martí.
Excelentísimo Señor Don
Luis García Berlanga
MMT
Statue of García Berlanga in Sos del Rey Católico
Born
Luis García-Berlanga Martí

(1921-06-12)12 June 1921
Valencia, Spain
Died13 November 2010(2010-11-13) (aged 89)
Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
Occupations
Years active1948–2002
Spouse
María Jesús Manrique de Aragón
​
​
(m. 1954)​
Children4, including José Luis and Carlos

Luis García-Berlanga Martí MMT (12 June 1921 – 13 November 2010) was a Spanish film director and screenwriter. Acclaimed as a pioneer of modern Spanish cinema,[1][2] his films are marked by social satire and acerbic critiques of Spanish culture under the Francoist dictatorship.[3] These include Welcome Mr. Marshall! (1953), which won the International Prize (Comedy Film) at the 1953 Cannes Film Festival,[4] Plácido (1961), nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1962,[5] and The Executioner (1963), winner of the FIPRESCI Prize at the 24th Venice International Film Festival[6] He kept a long-time collaboration with screenwriter Rafael Azcona, with whom he co-wrote the scripts for seven of his films between 1961 and 1987.[7]

Early years

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Berlanga was born on June 12, 1921, into an affluent family in the city of Valencia, on the east coast of Spain. His father was a Republican politician in the national parliament who was arrested and sentenced to death after the Spanish Civil War. He enrolled in the Blue Division in the Eastern Front of World War II to avoid having his father executed. In his youth, Berlanga studied law and philosophy, but in 1947 he decided to enter the Institute of Cinematographic Investigations and Experiences [es] (Instituto de Investigaciones y Experiencias Cinematográficas) in Madrid.[8][9]

Career

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His debut as a film director in 1951 was with the comedy That Happy Couple in which he worked with Juan Antonio Bardem. With Bardem, he is considered to be one of Spanish film renovators after the Spanish Civil War. They cofounded a film magazine, Objetivo, in 1953,[10] which existed until 1956.[11] The magazine contributed to the struggle for a censorship-free cinema in Francoist Spain.[12]

Sculpture depicting the scene of Americans being welcomed to the town in Welcome Mr. Marshall! (1953)

Among his films are masterpieces of Spanish cinema such as Welcome Mr. Marshall! (1953), in which he highlights the stereotypes held by both the Spanish and the Americans regarding the culture of the other, as well as a social criticism of 1950s Francoist Spain,[13] and the black comedy The Executioner (1963), an acclaimed critical portrait about the capital punishment which stars Nino Manfredi.[14]

Characteristic of his films are their sense of irony, the satires of different social and political situations and the use of the long take full of superimposed characters and dialogues.[15] Since Welcome Mr. Marshall!, he introduced a mention to the Austro-Hungarian Empire in his films as a private joke.[16] During the Francoist State, his ability to outwit the censors allowed him to make daring projects such as The Rocket from Calabuch (1956), starring Edmund Gwenn,[17] and Miracles of Thursday (1957), with Richard Basehart in the lead role.[18] His film Plácido (1961), a black comedy about poverty in which he collaborated for the first time with screenwriter Rafael Azcona,[19] received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Plácido also entered into the 1962 Cannes Film Festival,[20] as well as Long Live the Bride and Groom in 1970.[21]

Filming of La vaquilla in summer 1984, Sos del Rey Católico.

In 1973 he filmed Grandeur nature [fr] (Life Size, 1974), a French-Italian-Spanish coproduction about a married man (Michel Piccoli) who falls in love with a female mannequin, which was not released in Spain until 1978 due to Franco's censorship.[22] Its premiere in Italy provoked a demonstration by feminists who accused the film of presenting women as objects. However, other women defended it.[23] This was followed by La escopeta nacional (1978), Patrimonio nacional (1981), which entered into the 1981 Cannes Film Festival,[24] and Nacional III (1982), a satirical trilogy about the Leguineches, an impoverished aristocratic family.[25] His 1985 film La vaquilla (The Heifer), a comedy about the Civil War, was the highest-grossing Spanish film in Spain at the time.[26] Other films include the period comedy Boyfriend in Sight (1954), the Argentine production Las Pirañas (1967), and Moors and Christians (1987), his last collaboration with Azcona.[27]

Throughout his career, Berlanga won international prizes at several important film festivals, including Cannes Film Festival and Venice Film Festival. He was nominated three times for the Cannes Film Festival's prestigious Palme d'Or award.[28] In 1968, he was head of the jury at the 18th Berlin International Film Festival.[29] At the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival he won a prize as one of the world's ten most prominent film directors.[30] In the mid-70s he became director of the erotic literature collection La sonrisa vertical [es].[31] From 1978 to 1982 he was president of the Filmoteca Española.[32] In 1986 Berlanga was a key figure in the creation of the Spanish Film Academy[33] and received the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts "for collecting in all his work, with exemplary independence, a critical and smiling analysis of Spanish society."[34]

His accolades also include the National Cinematography Prize [es] (Premio Nacional de Cinematografía) in 1980[35] and the Italian Commendatore Order,[36] the Gold Medal of Merit in the Fine Arts (Medalla de Oro de las Bellas Artes) in 1982,[37] the Number One award for European cinema at the EuropaCinema [it] film festival in Rimini in 1985,[38] the membership at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando in 1988,[39] the honorary doctorate of the Complutense University of Madrid in 1989,[40] the Goya Award for Best Director for his 1993 comedy Everyone Off to Jail,[41] the honorary doctorate of the University of Valencia in 1997,[42] and the Gold Medal of Merit in Labour (Medalla al Mérito en el Trabajo) in 2002.[43]

Personal life and death

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He was married in 1954 with María Jesús Manrique, and they had four sons. Two of his sons died in Madrid relatively young from liver diseases: Carlos Berlanga on 5 June 2002, at the age of 42, and Jorge Berlanga on 9 June 2011, at 52 years old.[44]

Berlanga died of natural causes in Madrid on 13 November 2010, at the age of 89.[45]

His closed coffin was on display at the Spanish Film Academy in Madrid before its burial in Pozuelo de Alarcón. Crowds of actors, artists, politicians and other admirers lined up to pay their respects. The president of the Academy Álex de la Iglesia said "he changed my life", while the director José Luis García Sánchez would affirm that Berlanga "dignified an entire aesthetic tradition. On his tomb it should be read, instead of RIP, The End."[46] Filmmaker Pedro Almodóvar, who also came to the funeral, declared: "We always speak about Billy Wilder. If Berlanga had made films in another language, the whole world would be paying tribute to him." And noted that Berlanga was "one of the best representatives of the Spanish culture of the 20th century, a generation of great illusionists who knew how to survive in a sordid Spain with very strict censorship."[47]

Legacy

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Commemorative plaque to Luis García-Berlanga in Madrid.

Berlanga had an influence in many contemporary Spanish filmmakers, which include Santiago Segura, Javier Fesser, Borja Cobeaga, Alberto Caballero, and Víctor García León.[48] Almodóvar also admitted that his cinema is indebted to Berlanga's: "When making a Spanish comedy, it is almost impossible to avoid the influence of Berlanga and Azcona. With Berlanga, you learn the difference between a master and yourself."[49]

The term 'berlanguian' [es], which refers to the surreal, to what is difficult to explain but absolutely possible within the imagination and way of being of the Spanish, has been admitted by the Royal Spanish Academy.[50] French actor Michel Piccoli, who worked with Berlanga in Grandeur nature (1974) and París-Tombuctú [es] (1999), said of him: "He's Don Quixote" and added: "Well, he could also be Sancho." Francisco Franco, upon being told by his ministers that Berlanga was an anarchist, a Bolshevik and a communist, uttered the following words: "He is much worse than that; he is a bad Spaniard."[51]

In 2008, Berlanga deposited in the Caja de las Letras number 1034 of the Instituto Cervantes an envelope containing a secret, which he asked not to be revealed until 12 June 2021, when the centenary of his birth would be celebrated.[52] On 9 June 2021, three days before the centenary, his grandchildren Fidel and Jorge opened the box and revealed the secret contents of the envelope: an unpublished script titled Viva Rusia!, co-written by the filmmaker himself, his son Jorge, Rafael Azcona and Manuel Hidalgo Ruiz, a project for the fourth film of the Leguineche family saga that was never filmed.[53]

In 2011, Correos, the Spanish postal service, issued a sheet of stamps in tribute to him and the screenwriter Rafael Azcona as part of its Spanish cinema series.[54] Ten years later, to celebrate the centenary of Berlanga's birth, the company issues a new stamp on his figure.[55]

In 2012, the Berlanga Film Museum (BFM) was inaugurated as an online museum dedicated exclusively to the dissemination of his work.[56]

The Valencian Audiovisual Awards were renamed the Berlanga Awards by the regional ministry of Education, Culture and Sport between 2021 and 2024 to pay homage to the Valencia-born filmmaker.[57][58]

From February to June 1922 the Spanish Film Academy opened in Valencia the exhibition Berlanguiano. Luis García Berlanga (1921-2021).[59] In December, the Spanish Ministry of Culture acquired the Berlanga Archive, made up of 74 boxes, containing photographs, scripts, correspondence, awards, drawings and personal objects. The material is kept in the facilities of the Filmoteca Española, an entity dependent on the Institute of Cinematography and Audiovisual Arts (ICAA) that is in charge of its conservation and dissemination.[60]

Filmography

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Film

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Year Title Director Writer Notes
1953 Welcome Mr. Marshall! Yes Yes
That Happy Couple Yes Yes Co-written and co-directed with Juan Antonio Bardem
1954 Boyfriend in Sight Yes Yes
1956 The Rocket from Calabuch Yes Yes
1957 Miracles of Thursday Yes Yes
1958 Familia Provisional No Yes
1961 Plácido Yes Yes
1962 Las cuatro verdades Yes Yes
1963 The Executioner Yes Yes
1964 El extraño viaje No Idea
1967 Las Pirañas Yes Yes Argentine film
1970 Long Live the Bride and Groom Yes Yes
1974 Grandeur nature [fr] Yes Yes French film
1978 La escopeta nacional Yes Yes
Una Noche Embarazosa No Yes
1981 Patrimonio nacional Yes Yes
1982 Nacional III Yes Yes
1985 La vaquilla Yes Yes
1987 Moros y Cristianos Yes Yes
1993 Everyone Off to Jail Yes Yes
1999 París-Tombuctú [es] Yes Yes Final feature-length film

Associate producer

[edit]
  • Tenemos 18 Años (1959)

Short Film

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Year Title Director Writer Notes
1948 Paseos por una Guerra Antigua Yes Yes Documentary short film co-written and co-directed with Juan Antonio Bardem, Augustín Navarro & Florentino Soria
Tres Cantos Yes Yes
1949 El Circo Yes Yes
1959 Se Vende un Tranvía No Yes Also supervisor
1963 La Muerte y el Leñador Yes Yes Segment of the anthology film "Las Cuatro Verdades"
2002 El Sueño de la Maestra Yes Yes Final short film

Television

[edit]
Year Title Director Writer Notes
1995 Villarriba y Villabajo No Creator Televisión Española series; 25 episodes
Co-creator with José Luis García Berlanga & Antonio Oliver
1997 Blasco Ibáñez Yes Yes Televisión Española miniseries; 2 episodes

Acting roles

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Year Title Role Notes
1959 Se vende un tranvia Comprador de la baliza aerostática Short Film
Uncredited
1967 Las Pirañas Espectador de cine Uncredited
1968 Días de viejo color Mr. Marshall
No somos de piedra Guardía Urbano
Tuset Street Aparicio
1969 Sharon vestida de rojo Victor
1973 Apunte sobre Ana Short film
1977 Tigres de Papel Matón ultraderechista Uncredited
1980 Cuentos Eróticos Hombre del metro
Nostalgia de Comedia Muda Short film
1981 Tragala Perro
Retratos en el Retrete Short film
1982 Un pasota con corbata
1984 Dinero Negro Peris
1994 La Vida Siempre es Corta Short film
1998 Ni contigo ni sin tí Dios TV Series; Episode "Cuestión de Fe"
2001 Corazón de bombón Berlanga
El Apagon Short film
Hola Artemio
Extranjeros de sí mismos Himself Documentary film

Awards and nominations

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Academy Awards

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Main article: Academy Awards
Year Category Film Result
1962 Best Foreign Language Film Plácido Nominated

Cannes Film Festival

[edit]
Main article: Cannes Film Festival
Year Category Film Result
1953 Grand Prize of the Festival Welcome Mr. Marshall! Nominated
1953 Special Mention - For the Screenplay Welcome Mr. Marshall! Won
1953 International Prize - Comedy Film Welcome Mr. Marshall! Won
1961 Palme d'Or Plácido Nominated
1970 Palme d'Or Long Live the Bride and Groom Nominated
1981 Palme d'Or National Heritage Nominated

Venice Film Festival

[edit]
Main article: Venice Film Festival
Year Category Film Result
1956 Golden Lion The Rocket from Calabuch Nominated
1956 OCIC Award The Rocket from Calabuch Won
1964 Golden Lion The Executioner Nominated
1964 FIPRESCI Prize The Executioner Won

Goya Awards

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Main article: Goya Awards
Year Category Film Result
1988 Goya Award for Best Original Screenplay Moors and Christians Nominated
1994 Goya Award for Best Original Screenplay Everyone Off to Jail Won
1994 Goya Award for Best Director Everyone Off to Jail Won

Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for the Arts

[edit]
Main article: Prince of Asturias Awards
Year Result
1986 Won

Mar del Plata International Film Festival

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Main article: Mar del Plata International Film Festival
Year Category Film Result
1999 International Competition París-Tombuctú [es] Nominated
1999 OCIC Award París Tombuctú Won
1999 FIPRESCI Prize París Tombuctú Won

Valladolid International Film Festival

[edit]
Main article: Valladolid International Film Festival
Year Category Film Result
1958 Honorable Mention Miracles of Thursday Won

Sant Jordi Awards

[edit]
Main article: Sant Jordi Awards
Year Category Film Result
1962 Best Spanish Director Plácido Won
1962 Best Film Plácido Won
1964 Best Film The Executioner Won
1981 Best Film National Heritage Won

Fotogramas de Plata

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Main article: Fotogramas de Plata
Year Category Film Result
1999 Lifetime Achievement Award - Won

Ondas Awards

[edit]
Main article: Premios Ondas
Year Category Film Result
1999 Cinemanía Award - Won

Círculo de Escritores Cinematográficos

[edit]
Main article: CEC Awards
Year Category Film Result
1952 "Jimeno" Revelation Award That Happy Couple Won
1954 Best Original Story Welcome Mr. Marshall! Won
1960 Best Original Story Miracles of Thursday Won
1962 Best Director Plácido Won
1964 Best Original Story The Executioner Won
1994 Best Director Everyone Off to Jail Won

Honours

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Weber, Bruce (16 November 2010). "Luis Garcia Berlanga, Filmmaker, Is Dead at 89". New York Times. pp. A28. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  2. ^ Thomas Graham (2021-09-06). "Why Berlanga is Spain's greatest film director". BBC News. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  3. ^ Holder, Stephen (21 October 1994). "Critic's Choice/Film; Subversive Intentions Behind the Humor". New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  4. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Welcome Mr. Marshall!". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 24 January 2009.
  5. ^ "The 34th Academy Awards (1962) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  6. ^ "24th Venice International Film Festival". International Federation of Film Critics. 1963. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  7. ^ Leonor Mayor Ortega (2021-10-27). ""Berlanga y Azcona dejaron de hablarse, pero se seguían queriendo"". La Vanguardia. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  8. ^ "Luis Garcia Berlanga". The Daily Telegraph. London. 18 November 2010.
  9. ^ Berlanga's Blue Division notebooks, elpais.com, 14 November 2011.
  10. ^ S. Marsh (15 December 2005). Popular Spanish Film Under Franco: Comedy and the Weakening of the State. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-230-51187-3. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  11. ^ Virginia Higginbotham (27 January 2014). Spanish Film Under Franco. University of Texas Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-292-76147-6. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  12. ^ Nuria Triana-Toribio (2014). "Film Cultures in Spain's Transition: The "Other" Transition in the Film Magazine Nuevo Fotogramas (1968-1978)". Cultural Studies. 15 (4): 455–474. doi:10.1080/14636204.2014.991486. S2CID 142634911.
  13. ^ MacDonald, Darla (20 January 2013). "Bienvenido, Míster Marshall (Luis García Berlanga, 1952)". Madrid Blogs. Archived from the original on Dec 13, 2022.
  14. ^ David Chairns (2016-10-26). "The Executioner: By the Neck". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  15. ^ Sergio Daniel Bote (6 September 2010). "Berlanga, en su sala". ABC. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
  16. ^ Daniel de Partearroyo (2021-06-11). "Todos los imperios austrohúngaros de las películas de Berlanga". Cinemanía. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  17. ^ "The Rocket of Calabuch". The Postmodern Pelican. 6 June 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  18. ^ "Los Jueves, milagro". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-11-24.
  19. ^ 'Plácido', la primera gran película 'berlanguiana', disponible en FlixOlé, Cinemanía, 5 July 2021. Accessed 27 November 2024.
  20. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Plácido". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 24 February 2009.
  21. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Long Live the Bride and Groom". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
  22. ^ ‘Tamaño natural', en 'Historia de nuestro cine', Diez Minutos, 10 April 2018. Accessed 23 November 2024.
  23. ^ in : E. Larraz, Le cinéma espagnol, des origines à nos jours, préface de L. G. Berlanga, Les Éditions du Cerf, Paris, 1986.
  24. ^ "Festival de Cannes: National Heritage". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  25. ^ Redacción Cine con Ñ (2021-12-02). "Sátiras en transición: la trilogía de los Leguineche". Cine con Ñ. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  26. ^ "Spain's All-Time Top Grossing Pics". Variety. 7 May 1986. p. 379.
  27. ^ Arturo Tena (2024-02-16). "'Moros y cristianos': el canto del cisne de la pareja Azcona-Berlanga para retratar a una España obsesionada por su imagen". Cine con Ñ. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  28. ^ "Spanish director Luis Garcia Berlanga dies aged 89". BBC News. 2010-11-14. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  29. ^ "Berlinale 1968: Juries". berlinale.de. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
  30. ^ Instituto Cervantes. "Luis García Berlanga. Biografía". Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  31. ^ C. Prieto and S. Brito (13 November 2010). "Berlanga, el erotómano". Público. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  32. ^ Ministerio de Cultura. "Filmoteca Española" (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  33. ^ Lorena Ferro (3 February 2011). "La Academia de Cine española cumple 25 años". La Vanguardia. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
  34. ^ "Luis García Berlanga - Premio Príncipe de Asturias de las Artes 1986" (in Spanish). Fundación Princesa de Asturias. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  35. ^ El País (23 January 1981). "Luis G. Berlanga, premio nacional de Cinematografía por su trabajo en la Filmoteca". El País. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  36. ^ University of Valencia. "Biografía Luis García Berlanga". Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  37. ^ "Real Decreto 397/1982, del 28 de febrero, por el que se concede la Medalla al Mérito en las Bellas Artes, en su categoría de oro, a don Luis García Berlanga" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (34): 37503. 28 February 1982. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  38. ^ "Berlanga, elegido 'número uno' del cine europeo". El País (in Spanish). 29 September 1985. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  39. ^ El País (26 April 1988). "Luis García Berlanga, miembro de la Academia de Bellas Artes". El País. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  40. ^ EFE (26 June 1989). "Madrid, 28/06/1989.- El cineasta Luis García Berlanga ha sido investido doctor "Honoris Causa" de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, en un ceremonia presidida por el rector de dicha universidad, Gustavo Villapalos, en el Paraninfo de la Complutense". EFE. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  41. ^ "Todos a la cárcel". Premios Goya. Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  42. ^ Neus Caballer (3 October 1997). "Luis G. Berlanga, 'honoris causa' por la Politécnica de Valencia". El País. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  43. ^ "Real Decreto 1355/2002, de 13 de diciembre, por el que se concede la Medalla de Oro al Mérito en el Trabajo a don Luis García Berlanga" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (34): 37503. 13 December 2002. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  44. ^ El Mundo (9 June 2011). "Muere en Madrid el escritor Jorge Berlanga". Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  45. ^ Nick Caistor (2010-11-14). "Luis García Berlanga obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  46. ^ El País (15 November 2010). "Goodbye Mr Berlanga: nation's leading filmmaker dies at 89". El País. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  47. ^ Miguel Lorenci (2010-11-14). "El cine español despide a Berlanga con un hondo sentimiento de orfandad". Hoy. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  48. ^ Gregorio Belinchón (2021-05-09). "La huella de un cómico genial". El País. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  49. ^ EFE / ATLAS (2010-11-14). "Almodóvar: "Si Berlanga hubiera escrito en otra lengua el mundo se rendiría"". 20 minutos. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  50. ^ Ignacio Lara Jornet (2010). "Lo Berlanguiano como término cultural" (PDF). Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche.
  51. ^ El País (13 November 2010). "Adiós Mr. Berlanga". El País. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  52. ^ El Mundo (27 May 2008). "El secreto de Luis García Berlanga hasta 2021". Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  53. ^ Las Provincias. El último secreto de Berlanga: «¡Viva Rusia!», 10 June 2021. Accessed 15 June 2021.
  54. ^ "Cine Español". Correos. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  55. ^ "Personajes.- 2021. Centenario del nacimiento de Luis García Berlanga". Correos. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  56. ^ Cadena SER (2012-11-12). "Inaugurado el Berlanga Film Museum". Cadena SER. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  57. ^ "Los galardones del audiovisual valenciano pasan a llamarse Premios Berlanga". Valencia Plaza. 29 September 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  58. ^ "Los antiguos Premios Berlanga se llamarán Premios Lola Gaos a partir de 2025". Cine con Ñ. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  59. ^ "La exposición 'Berlanguiano. Luis García Berlanga (1921-2021)' abre sus puertas en Valencia". Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España. 8 February 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  60. ^ Voro Contreras (14 December 2022). "El Ministerio de Cultura adquiere el Archivo Berlanga pero no confirma su traslado a València". El Periódico de España. Retrieved 23 November 2024.

Further reading

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